The formation of agricultural governance: the interplay between state and civil society in European agriculture, 1870-1940

In this paper, we focus on the relationship between state and agriculture in Europe in the period roughly from 1870 to 1940. Since the crisis of the late nineteenth-century, state intervention had increased into many areas of agricultural markets, and a growing social mobilization within the countryside had also made its mark, with the diffusion of agricultural associations (landowners associations, farmers unions, specialized crop producers’ associations, co-operatives, ...) that led to a much more organized rural society. Already prior to the 1930s, the state had become involved, one way or another, with the development of agriculture, such as the promotion of technical advancement, in the regulation of agricultural markets, and in the development of farm supportive policies. Throughout this period, agricultural associations played a growing role as intermediary institutions, and it is this period that we consider to be the formative period of this interplay between the state and agricultural civil society. The result was a metamorphosis from the mobilization of the peasantry and the representation of agrarian interests to a form of selfgovernment or co-government of the agricultural sector at the national level, which reached its highest point only after the Second World War.En este artículo, centramos nuestra atención en la relación entre el Estado y la agricultura en Europa en el período aproximadamente de 1870 a 1940. Desde la crisis de fines del siglo XIX, el intervencionismo estatal aumentó en muchas áreas de los mercados agrícolas, al mismo tiempo que se producía una creciente movilización social en el mundo rural, con el desarrollo de asociaciones agrarias de muy diversos tipos (asociaciones de propietarios, sindicatos de agricultores, asociaciones de productores de cultivos especializados, cooperativas,...) que dieron lugar a una sociedad rural mucho más organizada. Ya antes de la década de 1930, el Estado se había involucrado, de una forma u otra, con el desarrollo de la agricultura, como por ejemplo en la promoción del cambio técnico, en la regulación de los mercados agrícolas y con políticas de apoyo a la agricultura. A lo largo de este período, las asociaciones agrarias desempeñaron un papel creciente como instituciones intermediarias, y es este período el que consideramos como el período formativo de esta interacción entre el Estado y la sociedad civil en el mundo rural europeo. El resultado fue una metamorfosis desde la movilización del campesinado y la representación de los intereses agrarios hacia una forma de autogobierno o cogobierno del sector agrario a nivel nacional, que alcanzaría su punto más alto después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial

Shape evolution of long flexible fibers in viscous flows

The present work studies numerically the dynamics and shape evolution of long flexible fibers suspended in a Newtonian viscous cellular flow using a particle-level fiber simulation technique. The fiber is modeled as a chain of massless rigid cylindrical segments connected by ball and socket joints; one-way coupling between the fibers and the flow is considered while Brownian motion is neglected. The effect of stiffness, equilibrium shape, and aspect ratio of the fibers on the shape evolution of the fibers are analyzed. Moreover, the influence of fiber stiffness and their initial positions and orientations on fiber transport is investigated. For the conditions considered, the results show that the fiber curvature field resembles that of the flow streamline. It is found that the stiffer fibers experience not only a quicker relaxation phase, in which they transient from their initial shape to their "steady-state shape," but they also regain their equilibrium shape to a larger extent. The findings also demonstrate that even a small deviation of fiber shape from perfectly straight impacts significantly the early-stage evolution of the fiber shape and their bending behavior. Increasing the fiber aspect ratio, when other parameters are kept fixed, leads the fiber to behave more flexible, and it consequently deforms to a larger extent to adjust to the shape of the flow streamlines. In agreement with the available experimental results, the fiber transport studies show that either the fiber becomes trapped within the vortices of the cellular array or it moves across the vortical arrays while exhibiting various complex shapes

Validity of ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes used to identify acute liver injury: a study in three European data sources

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Forns, J. [et al.]. Validity of ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes used to identify acute liver injury: a study in three European data sources. "Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety", 6 Juny 2019, vol. 28, núm. 7, p. 965-975, which has been published in final form at 10.1002/pds.4803. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."Purpose Validating cases of acute liver injury (ALI) in health care data sources is challenging. Previous validation studies reported low positive predictive values (PPVs). Methods Case validation was undertaken in a study conducted from 2009 to 2014 assessing the risk of ALI in antidepressants users in databases in Spain (EpiChron and SIDIAP) and the Danish National Health Registers. Three ALI definitions were evaluated: primary (specific hospital discharge codes), secondary (specific and nonspecific hospital discharge codes), and tertiary (specific and nonspecific hospital and outpatient codes). The validation included review of patient profiles (EpiChron and SIDIAP) and of clinical data from medical records (EpiChron and Denmark). ALI cases were confirmed when liver enzyme values met a definition by an international working group. Results Overall PPVs (95% CIs) for the study ALI definitions were, for the primary ALI definition, 84% (60%-97%) (EpiChron), 60% (26%-88%) (SIDIAP), and 74% (60%-85%) (Denmark); for the secondary ALI definition, 65% (45%-81%) (EpiChron), 40% (19%-64%) (SIDIAP), and 70% (64%-77%) (Denmark); and for the tertiary ALI definition, 25% (18%-34%) (EpiChron), 8% (7%-9%) (SIDIAP), and 47% (42%-52%) (Denmark). The overall PPVs were higher for specific than for nonspecific codes and for hospital discharge than for outpatient codes. The nonspecific code “unspecified jaundice” had high PPVs in Denmark. Conclusions PPVs obtained apply to patients using antidepressants without preexisting liver disease or ALI risk factors. To maximize validity, studies on ALI should prioritize hospital specific discharge codes and should include hospital codes for unspecified jaundice. Case validation is required when ALI outpatient cases are considered.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Sustainability now or later? Estimating the benefits of pathways to maximum sustainable yield for EU Northeast Atlantic fisheries

8 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables, supporting information http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.06.015Most countries have the goal to manage their fisheries to achieve a combination of biological, economic, social, and political objectives [1] and [2]. This is also the case for the EU's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). According to Article 2 of the CFP [3]: “The CFP shall ensure that fishing and aquaculture activities are environmentally sustainable in the long-term and are managed in a way that is consistent with the objectives of achieving economic, social and employment benefits, and of contributing to the availability of food supplies”. [...]Peer Reviewe